![]() Due to its more intense acid taste and better taste retention compared with citric acid, L-malic acid is becoming one of the most widely used organic acidulants. Currently, malic acid is mainly used as an acidulant and flavor enhancer in the food and beverage industries. In 1967, it was classified as a safe food-grade product by the U.S. L-malic acid is a ubiquitous dicarboxylic acid found in all organisms, but its name derives from the fact that it was first isolated from unripe apples in 1785 ( Meek, 1975). Biosynthetic pathways, transport of malic acid, elimination of byproducts and enhancement of metabolic fluxes are discussed and compared as strategies for improving malic acid production, thus providing insights into the current state of malic acid production, as well as further research directions for more efficient and economical microbial malic acid production. Metabolic engineering strategies for malic acid production in various microorganisms are particularly reviewed. The technological progress in the fermentative production of malic acid is presented. ![]() This review offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments, including a spectrum of wild-type, mutant, laboratory-evolved and metabolically engineered microorganisms for malic acid production. The rapid development of genetic engineering has resulted in some promising strains suitable for large-scale bio-based production of malic acid. However, with increasing concerns surrounding environmental issues in recent years, microbial fermentation for the production of L-malic acid was extensively explored as an eco-friendly production process. ![]() To date, chemical synthesis or enzymatic conversion of petrochemical feedstocks are still the dominant mode for malic acid production. ![]() As an intermediate of the TCA cycle, malic acid is one of the most promising building block chemicals that can be produced from renewable sources. Malic acid, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, is widely used in the food, chemical and medical industries. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |